History • Medieval IndiaHard
Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of Sufi orders in medieval India: 1. The Chisti order, founded in India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, emphasized asceticism, pacifism, and the spiritual cultivation of the heart through musical congregations known as sama. 2. The Suhrawardi order, established in India by Shaikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya, maintained close ties with the state administration and accepted royal patronage and jagirs. 3. The Naqshbandi order was known for its liberal stance, complete integration with local cultural practices, and active encouragement of religious syncretism under Akbar. Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only✓ Correct Answer
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
💡 Solution & Explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct because Chishti saints shunned court politics and embraced sama, whereas Suhrawardi masters actively engaged with state machinery and accepted land grants. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Naqshbandi order, spearheaded by figures like Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, was orthodox, advocated strict adherence to Islamic law, and vehemently opposed Akbar's syncretic religious experiments such as Din-i Ilahi. The spiritual friction between orthodox Naqshbandi teachings and liberal court policies profoundly shaped later Mughal religious administration.
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