Consider the following statements regarding the economic and social life during the Later Vedic Period: 1. The use of iron, referred to as 'Krishna Ayas' or dark metal, began to transform agriculture and settlement patterns. 2. Territorial states known as 'Janapadas' emerged as tribal societies transitioned into settled agrarian monarchies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Both statements are correct. The discovery and utilization of iron during the Later Vedic period around 1000 BCE enabled deep forest clearance and robust agricultural implements, which catalyzed the shift from pastoral nomadism to sedentary territorial kingdoms called Janapadas. This technological shift facilitated surplus production and permanent settlements across the Indo-Gangetic divide.