Which landmark Supreme Court judgment formulated the 'Basic Structure' doctrine restricting Parliament's amending powers under Article 368?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The thirteen-judge constitution bench in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case of 1973 established the basic structure doctrine, limiting parliament's amending power under Article 368 so that core constitutional features remain unaltered. Earlier rulings like Golaknath had held that fundamental rights could not be amended at all, which was subsequently overturned by this ruling. This judgment holds the record for the longest hearing duration in the history of the Supreme Court of India.