Which medieval Malabar text, written in Arabic-Malayalam script by Zainuddin Makhdoom II in the 16th century, provides a detailed historical account of the Portuguese atrocities and the naval resistance mounted by the Zamorin and Kunjali Marakkars?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Tuhfat-ul-Mujahidin, composed by Zainuddin Makhdoom II in the sixteenth century in Arabic, is celebrated as one of the earliest historical works chronicling the socio-political conditions of Kerala and the naval resistance mounted by local rulers against Portuguese colonial aggression. Unlike Keralolpathi, which contains mythological elements, this text provides a reliable eyewitness perspective on maritime trade conflicts. Medieval regional history texts are increasingly tested in comprehensive history exams.