History • Ancient IndiaHard
Analyze the maritime and commercial network connecting ancient South India with the Greco-Roman world during the early centuries of the common era: 1. The discovery of the monsoon wind system by Hippalus revolutionized navigation allowing direct open-sea voyages across the Arabian Sea from the Red Sea ports directly to Muziris. 2. Pepper constituted the primary export commodity from the Chera country prompting Roman writers to lament the massive outflow of silver bullion to pay for Indian luxury goods. 3. Amphorae sherds and Roman glassware unearthed at archaeological sites such as Pattanam provide material proof of intensive bilateral trade. Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3✓ Correct Answer
💡 Solution & Explanation
All three statements are completely accurate reflecting current historical and archaeological consensus regarding Indo-Roman trade. The utilization of monsoon winds by Hippalus enabled direct sailing bypassing dangerous coastal routes. Pliny the Elder famously complained about the drainage of Roman wealth for Indian black pepper. Excavations at Pattanam near modern Kochi have yielded abundant amphorae fragments confirming thriving commercial intercourse.
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