Which Constitutional Amendment Act inserted Article 31C into the Constitution of India, providing that laws giving effect to certain Directive Principles shall not be deemed to be void on the ground of inconsistency with Fundamental Rights under Articles 14 and 19?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The 25th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1971 inserted Article 31C to shield laws implementing specific Directive Principles from judicial review under Fundamental Rights articles 14 and 19. Other amendments like the 42nd expanded this protection, but the initial introduction of Article 31C was executed by the 25th Amendment. This amendment marked a crucial turning point in the legislative tug-of-war between Parliament and the Supreme Court.