Which of the following Bahmani rulers was an accomplished calligrapher, poet, and patron of sciences who established an astronomical observatory near Daulatabad?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Taj-ud-din Firuz Shah was renowned for his intellectual pursuits, including proficiency in multiple languages, calligraphy, and a deep interest in sciences like astronomy, leading him to plan an observatory near Daulatabad. Other Bahmani rulers focused primarily on territorial expansion or administrative consolidation rather than scientific foundations. His court attracted scholars, poets, and astronomers from various parts of the Islamic world.