Who is the constitutional head of the executive branch of the Union of India, whose assent is required for all bills passed by Parliament before they become acts affecting states like Punjab?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The President of India is the head of the state and the formal executive head, whose assent is mandatory for any bill passed by both houses of Parliament to become law. The Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers which exercises real executive power. The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha, while the Vice President acts as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.