Which of the following historical texts, composed in Arabic-Malayalam by Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdoom II in the 16th century, documents the political history of Malabar and the resistance against Portuguese incursions?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Tuhfat-ul-Mujahidin, written by Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdoom II of Ponnani in the late 16th century, is one of the earliest historical accounts written by a native of Kerala detailing the arrival of the Portuguese and the defense mounted by local rulers and Muslims. Fath-ul-Mubin is a poetic work celebrating naval battles, Mohabhashya is a grammatical text by Patanjali, and Tantrasangraha is a mathematical treatise by Nilakantha Somayaji. Tuhfat-ul-Mujahidin remains an indispensable primary source for medieval Malabar history.