Which law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to construct a perpetual motion machine of the second kind?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The second law of thermodynamics asserts that heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder body to a warmer body, which rules out the possibility of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. The first law deals with the conservation of energy, while the zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium. Carnot engines operate on the theoretical upper limit set by this second law.