Assertion (A): The excavation of Kodumanal in Erode district has unearthed hundreds of graffiti-bearing potsherds, spindle whorls, and industrial installations for iron smelting and gemstone bead manufacturing. Reason (R): Kodumanal served as a major industrial and commercial hub during the Sangam age, facilitating inland and maritime exchange networks between the western coast and eastern delta ports. Which of the following is correct?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Both assertion and reason are true and correctly linked because archaeological excavations at Kodumanal revealed a thriving industrial center specializing in beryl, carnelian, and quartz bead production alongside iron metallurgy. The presence of Tamil Brahmi inscribed potsherds and trade artifacts confirms its pivotal role in connecting interior manufacturing sites with coastal emporia. The site illustrates the advanced technological capabilities of artisans in ancient Tamilakam. Industrial waste and finished ornaments recovered from burial urns validate these manufacturing activities.