Which landmark Supreme Court judgment formulated the 'Basic Structure' doctrine, establishing that while Parliament has wide powers of constitutional amendment under Article 368, it cannot alter certain fundamental features of the Constitution?

💡 Solution & Explanation

In the historic Kesavananda Bharati case of 1973, a thirteen-judge bench of the Supreme Court formulated the Basic Structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's amending power under Article 368 so that the foundational pillars of the Constitution remain inviolable. The Golaknath case had earlier ruled that Fundamental Rights could not be amended, which was superseded by this ruling. Minerva Mills reinforced the doctrine by safeguarding judicial review, and L. Chandra Kumar upheld tribunals' subjection to High Court writ jurisdiction.