Which of the following numismatic findings in coastal Kerala provides the most conclusive numismatic documentation of direct monetary circulation originating from the Augustan and Tiberian periods of the Roman Empire?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Hoards of Roman gold denarii and silver coins minted during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius have been unearthed across central Kerala, particularly in districts like Thrissur and Ernakulam, proving direct bullion payment for spices. Mauryan punch-marked coins reflect earlier indigenous circulation rather than Augustan trade. Satavahana copper coins are typical of the Deccan plateau, and lead tokens with Greek legends are not standard Malabar finds. These numismatic artifacts underline the sheer volume of wealth flowing into ancient Kerala.