Consider the following archaeological and numismatic findings related to ancient Kerala trade: 1. Punch-marked coins discovered in various river valleys of Kerala indicate active monetary exchange predating the Roman trade era. 2. The discovery of Arretine pottery and amphorae fragments exclusively at Pattanam confirms direct commercial links with the Mediterranean world during the Augustan age. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Both statements are factually accurate. Punch-marked silver coins found across Kerala excavations demonstrate pre-Roman commercial sophistication and monetization. Furthermore, stratigraphic excavations at Pattanam have unearthed diagnostic Mediterranean artifacts such as terra sigillata, Roman amphorae, and glass glassware, proving direct maritime trade contacts with the Roman Empire starting from the first century BCE. These findings have redefined the historical timeline of ancient Malabar ports.