History • Medieval IndiaHard
Examine the socio-religious and philosophical movements in medieval South India: 1. The Bhakti movement spearheaded by the Nayanars and Alwars in Tamil Nadu democratized spiritual access by composing devotional poetry in vernacular Tamil instead of classical Sanskrit. 2. Ramanujacharya propounded the philosophy of Vishishtadvaita, emphasizing devotion (Bhakti) and surrender to God as the primary path to spiritual liberation. 3. Madhvacharya advocated the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, asserting absolute non-duality between the individual soul and the supreme divine reality.
A. 1 and 2 only✓ Correct Answer
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
💡 Solution & Explanation
The Bhakti movement revolutionized medieval Tamil society through emotional devotionalism expressed in accessible Tamil hymns compiled into the Tirumurai and Naalayira Divya Prabandham. Ramanuja championed Vishishtadvaita, bridging ritualistic philosophy with inclusive devotional worship. However, statement three contains a factual error because Madhvacharya propounded Dvaita Vedanta (Dualism), asserting a clear distinction between the individual soul and God, whereas Advaita Vedanta (Non-Dualism) was formulated by Adi Shankara.
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