In the context of ancient Indian philosophical systems, the epistemology of Nyaya philosophy accepts which of the following combinations of valid sources of knowledge (Pramanas)?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The Nyaya school of philosophy accepts four independent sources of valid knowledge known as Pramanas which are perception or Pratyaksha inference or Anumana comparison or Upamana and reliable testimony or Shabda. Other schools like Mimamsa and Advaita Vedanta accept additional sources such as Arthapatti and Anupalabdhi. Carvaka philosophy accepts only perception as the sole valid means of acquiring knowledge. Akshapada Gautama is traditionally regarded as the principal founder of the Nyaya system.