Consider the following statements regarding the Bhakti and Sufi movements in medieval India: 1. Ramanuja propagated Vishishtadvaita philosophy, advocating qualified non-dualism and devotion to Vishnu. 2. Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya belonged to the Suhrawardi order of Sufi saints and established his khanqah in Delhi. 3. Kabir rejected idol worship, caste distinctions, and ritualistic orthodoxies while composing verses in vernacular Hindi. Which of the statements given above are correct?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Ramanuja formulated Vishishtadvaita, asserting that the individual soul is distinct yet inseparable from the supreme divine reality. Kabir preached radical social reform, criticizing ritualism and caste prejudices through his dohas. Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was a preeminent saint of the Chishti order, not the Suhrawardi order; the Suhrawardi network was championed in India by figures like Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan. The Bhakti movement emphasized emotional surrender to personal deities.