Which global ocean-atmosphere phenomenon originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean exerts a major suppressive influence on Indian monsoon rainfall when warm sea surface anomalies develop off the coast of Peru?

💡 Solution & Explanation

El Nino is characterized by the abnormal warming of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, which alters global Walker circulation cells and typically suppresses monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. La Nina involves cooling of the same Pacific region and generally enhances monsoon activity. Arctic and Atlantic oscillations govern high-latitude weather patterns rather than tropical monsoons. Teleconnections link Pacific thermal anomalies directly to South Asian climate variability.