Examine the ideological and tactical shifts during the Swadeshi Movement of 1905: 1. The movement witnessed the pioneering use of passive resistance, economic boycott of foreign goods, and promotion of indigenous enterprise as primary political weapons. 2. Radical nationalists advocated extending the boycott beyond Bengal to the rest of India and incorporating national education alongside political swaraj as core objectives.

💡 Solution & Explanation

Both statements are correct; the Swadeshi agitation marked a qualitative leap in nationalist tactics, moving beyond moderate petitions to active economic boycotts and self-reliance programs. Radical leaders like Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lajpat Rai pushed for nationwide expansion of the struggle, setting the stage for the historic Surat split in 1907. This period also saw significant advances in vernacular literature, science, and national schooling initiatives.