In the context of ancient Indian philosophy, which of the following orthodox systems propounds the atomic theory of matter and asserts that the universe is constituted of nine distinct substances including earth, water, fire, air, and ether?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The Vaisheshika school, founded by Sage Kanada, formulated an early form of atomism, arguing that physical objects are composed of indivisible particles called paramanu interacting through invisible forces. Sankhya posits a dualistic reality of consciousness and matter without accepting atomic pluralism, and Yoga focuses on mental discipline to achieve liberation. Mimamsa concentrates on the ritualistic interpretation of the Vedas and the validation of Vedic dharma through sound and duty.