Consider the following statements regarding the revenue systems implemented during the medieval period: 1. Alauddin Khalji introduced the measurement of cultivated land and imposed a fixed revenue demand of fifty percent of the produce, known as Kharaj. 2. Sher Shah Suri adopted the Rai system of crop yield estimation and introduced the 'Patta' and 'Qabuliyat' system to secure agrarian stability. 3. Akbar abolished the zabt system entirely, replacing it exclusively with the arbitrary ghalla-bakshi system across all subhas. Which of the statements given above are correct?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Statements 1 and 2 are correct because Alauddin Khalji levied half the produce as land tax after standardizing measurement, and Sher Shah instituted Pattas (title deeds) and Qabuliyat (deed of agreement) to protect cultivators from over-taxation. Statement 3 is incorrect because Akbar actually refined and expanded the Zabt (Dahsala) system as his primary revenue administration, while ghalla-bakshi was only one of several alternative methods used in select regions. Raja Todar Mal played a pivotal role in standardizing Mughal revenue records and land classification.