Which of the following processes describes the breakdown of rocks through the expansion and contraction of mineral crystals due to extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Thermal expansion and contraction occurs when diurnal temperature variations cause different mineral crystals within rocks to expand at unequal rates, inducing mechanical stress and ultimate fracture. Unlike chemical weathering processes such as carbonation or hydration which alter mineral composition, thermal stress represents physical or mechanical weathering. This mechanical disintegration is especially prominent in arid and desert environments experiencing extreme daily temperature ranges.