The concept of 'Procedure Established by Law' in the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the constitutional system of which country?

💡 Solution & Explanation

The expression procedure established by law under Article 21 was directly adopted from the Japanese Constitution during the drafting of India's fundamental laws. Unlike the American due process clause, this narrow construction grants the legislature supreme authority over executive and judicial curtailment of personal liberty. Indian judicial activism later expanded this narrow scope toward due process standards.