In the context of constitutional amendments under Article 368, which categories of amendments require both a special majority of Parliament and the ratification by at least half of the state legislatures?

💡 Solution & Explanation

Provisions concerning federal structures such as the election of the President, extent of executive power of the Union and states, and Supreme Court distribution require special parliamentary majority plus ratification by half of the states under Article 368. Creation of new states or legislative councils requires only a simple majority under Articles 3 and 169 respectively.